The underlying reasons for this are quite clear when you understand the business logic (I'm simplifying greatly in the below):
People generally want exciting lives, they want new-ness. People who run businesses are no different. And exciting for someone who runs a business means innovation and growth.
There is a difference between young and old industries. In a young industry (e.g. wearable smart devices) there are lots of opportunities and growth is possible. In an old industry (e.g. desktop PCs) opportunities are very limited and growth is very difficult.
If someone is running a private business then they can do what they like. If someone is running a public business i.e. with shareholders, then they are employed to make money for the shareholders.
Companies have proved over the years that they just can't give up on sexy innovation and growth. But in a mature industry pursuing growth is more often than not the same as throwing money down the toilet. Shareholders pockets and toilets are two different places. This makes shareholders unhappy.
Even if they keep away from the innovation money-pit, successful companies in mature industries aren't likely to have the fierce competition of the young industry. This means that the pressure to be efficient, and ensure day-to-day costs are minimised, is low. This again makes shareholders unhappy.
So what's a shareholder to do? Well luckily for them someone in the 1980s had a think about this problem, and the leveraged buyout was born.
A leveraged buyout is a purchase of a company using debt. It works like this - imagine you are an investor and you want to buy a company. Instead of paying for the company with cash, you (and other investors you gather together) loan yourself money. You use this loan money to pay for the company but (the key point is) you then make the company liable for the loan repayments.
This is a very neat trick. What you have done in effect is get the company to buy itself, out of it's own future earnings.
And why would we want to do this? Because now the company is lumped with big, unavoidable debt repayments. What that does is force the transfer of cash out of the company to be the highest priority for the people running it. If they don't make those payments, the company goes under.
That's basically what CVC did with Formula One a few years ago. I've added comments below in red.
July 17, 2014 11:40 pm
CVC Capital Partners will extract a further $360m from Formula One under the terms of a debt refinancing deal that will benefit shareholders of the motorsport series by more than $1bn.
More money coming out of F1 than they thought, so they are loading it with more debt.
The refinancing is due to be completed by the end of the month and is being undertaken to take advantage of favourable debt markets, according to people with knowledge of the deal.
F1 has proved one of the most successful investments for the private equity group, which bought it in 2005-06.
It invested nearly $1bn and used $2.5bn of debt, but through stake disposals and dividends has generated more than five times its outlay.
When you understand this you can see why there is a big mismatch between the money that F1 makes, and the amount of effort that it puts into innovating.
The mentality of the management is basically like the mafia - to extract as money as you can without killing the patient. If the business truly is in a mature industry with low growth prospects, makes sounds business sense. If the business isn't in this situation, then this approach is a short-term gain at a longer-term loss.
Leveraged buyout is basically a cash-extraction tool.