Wheelbase is long because of safety reasons and how reg is written in rather clumsy way.
Monocoque is longer and front wheels are farther from driver because it's to protect driver from dislocated tyres and suspension arms, also nose is longer for the crushable structure. Also there is aero reason to give more space to barge boards, but basically you cannot and should not go back to the config that tyres and arms are so near to driver and short nose like in 90s.
Rear end is longer because of 4.5:5.5 front-rear weight distribution. Tyres are made to work with that distribution, and when you have PU, tank and radiators behind driver as well as the aforementioned longer monocoque, you just have to push back the rear axle to achieve the distribution. Cars in 80s/90s had actually very long rear end, but that's due to bigger tank bigger engine. Current cars rear end can be much shorter mechanically, for example rear axle can be placed at "α" part of the AlphaTauri logo in that OP picture (much of its gearbox casing is empty just housing long shaft), but it's placed far behind like that due to the weight distribution, plus benefit in aero as well as mechanical grip, comprehensively more advantageous in that way.
Edited by muramasa, 16 February 2020 - 14:55.